Ivy Tech APHY 101 – Skeletal System Practice Test

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• Which statement accurately describes the periosteum and endosteum?
• What is a diarthrosis?
• Which part of a long bone contains the central medullary cavity?
• In children, bowed legs due to vitamin D deficiency describe which condition?
• Which cell type, also called an osteoprogenitor, differentiates into osteoblasts or bone lining cells?
• The process that forms all cellular components of blood is called what?
• Osteoblasts are responsible for which function in bone tissue?
• Which bones have complex shapes, such as vertebrae and coxal bones?
• Which is a major bone marking of the pelvis?
• Which synovial joint type is multiaxial and allows movement in multiple planes?
• Sesamoid bones develop within which structure?
• Which term is a canal or passage through bone for nerves or vessels?
• Wolff's Law states bones grow or remodel in response to what?
• Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid) and are actively mitotic.
• Which ossification process forms flat bones such as the clavicles and cranial bones from fibrous membranes?
• Interstitial bone growth increases the length of long bones and requires the presence of what?
• What forms just deep to the periosteum after woven bone develops in intramembranous ossification?
• Which statement best describes red and yellow marrow histology?
• Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) make up about 65% of bone mass and are responsible for hardness and resistance to compression. This describes which component of bone matrix?
• What term describes the formation and function of canaliculi that allow nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes?
• What is the vertebral column structure?
• As people age, red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow in many bones. This change primarily affects which function?
• In appositional growth, where do osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix to increase diameter?
• Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland?
• Which bone tissue aligns along lines of stress to resist it, has no osteons, contains irregular lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi, and is nourished by capillaries in the endosteum?
• The Haversian system is another name for which structural unit?
• Which scapular landmark articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint?
• Which bone marrow stores fat and is normally located in the medullary cavity of long bones in adults?
• Lengthening of long bones ceases when the epiphyseal plate undergoes closure; typical ages: females around 18 years, males around 21 years.
• Which cells line flat bone surfaces and help maintain the bone matrix?
• Bone-lining cells are also known as what type of bone?
• Which cartilage contains elastic fibers and is located in the external ear and epiglottis?
• Near the end of adolescence, chondroblasts divide less often; the ______ thins then is replaced by bone.
• Following chondrocyte hypertrophy and calcification in endochondral ossification, which event typically follows?
• Which membrane lines canals that pass through compact bone and covers trabeculae of spongy bone?
• Which term describes a small rounded projection on a bone?
• Which are the three types of cartilage?
• Which statement about red marrow is correct?
• Ossification (osteogenesis) is the process of bone tissue formation. Which of the following best defines ossification?
• Which term describes a linear elevation on a bone?
• Which bone is not part of the rib cage?
• What is true about endochondral ossification?
• What is osteoarthritis?
• Which term describes a projection above a condyle?
• Which marrow type is adipose tissue?
• The term used for the raised area on a bone that is above a condyle is which?
• Fontanelles relate to skull growth and closure timing by ?
• Which bones contain paranasal sinuses, and what are their functions?
• What channels run perpendicular to central canals and connect vessels of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal?
• Which canal runs through the core of the osteon and contains blood vessels and nerves, being lined by endosteum?
• In flat bones, what is the inner layer of spongy bone called?
• Which hormone increases blood calcium and promotes bone resorption?
• In appositional growth, the primary change in bone dimensions is an increase in what?
• Capillaries in the endosteum supply nutrients to bone; the endosteum lines the inner surfaces of the bone, including the medullary cavity. Which surfaces are lined by the endosteum?
• The tubular shaft forming the long axis of a typical long bone is called the
• Which term describes a smooth, nearly flat articular surface?
• Which term describes a sharp, slender projection?
• The transverse canals that connect vessels of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal are known as what?
• What is the structural unit of compact bone that is a cylindrical length of matrix aligned with the bone's axis?
• Which joints have a synovial cavity and are freely movable?
• Which of the following is a recognized risk factor for osteoporosis?
• The structure that secures the periosteum to the underlying bone is known as what?
• Which type of bone is cube-shaped and typically found in the wrists and ankles?
• Which cells are responsible for bone resorption and originate from macrophage-lineage?
• Cartilage is avascular and aneural. Which statement about cartilage is true?
• Which sequence describes endochondral ossification?
• Fibrous joints are generally immovable or slightly movable and are connected by what tissue?
• Bones reflect what they encounter?
• Which bone marking term describes a small rounded projection that attaches to ligaments and tendons?
• Ossification begins in which month of development?
• Which statement is true about hyaline cartilage?
• What structural feature does spongy bone primarily provide to bones?
• What is the term for a narrow ridge of bone that is less prominent than a crest, such as the linea aspera?
• Osteomalacia is characterized by poorly mineralized bones due to deficiency of which nutrient?
• Which term describes a canal-like or tube-like passageway within a bone?
• How do ligaments contribute to joint stability?
• From what type of stem cells are all cellular blood components derived?
• The central structural unit consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric lamellae runs parallel to the long axis of the bone. What is this unit called?
• Hematopoiesis refers to which bone function?
• Which term refers to a narrow ridge of bone that is usually prominent?
• Which condition is described as having a very high spongy-to-compact bone ratio and reduced mineralization, commonly affecting the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull?
• What term describes a break in the continuity of bone?
• Osteoporosis is characterized by bone resorption outpacing deposition, with vertebral and hip fractures common; which part of bone is most susceptible?
• Which bones are thin and flat, consisting of a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone?
• During intramembranous ossification, what type of bone forms first and is later replaced by lamellar bone?
• Which hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity?
• Explain the difference between a simple fracture and a compound fracture.
• What term denotes a notch at the edge of a structure?
• What is the last stage of bone fracture healing?
• Which term refers to a sharp, slender, often pointed projection?
• Which term describes a narrow, slitlike opening; cleft or groove?
• In intramembranous ossification, what happens to trapped osteoblasts after osteoid is secreted and calcifies?
• Which cartilage has thick collagen fibers that give great tensile strength and is found in the menisci of the knee, intervertebral discs, and pubic symphysis?
• Which features are components of a synovial joint?
• Hydroxyapatite accounts for about what percentage of bone by mass?
• Which cartilage provides support, flexibility, and resilience and is the most abundant type?
• Name the bones of the lower limb in order from proximal to distal.
• Sharpey's fibers anchor the periosteum to the bone and serve as anchoring points for tendons and ligaments. Which membrane contains these fibers?
• Which bone is located in the upper limb but not in the hand or forearm?
• Elastic cartilage differs from hyaline cartilage by containing what component?
• What are the stages of fracture healing in correct order?
• Interstitial growth and appositional growth are both types of ______.
• What are fontanelles in the fetal skull?
• Lamellae are the concentric rings of bone matrix within an osteon. Which option best describes them?
• Which term describes a large rounded projection that may be roughened?
• In endochondral ossification, what invades the internal cavities to form spongy bone?
• How does bone remodeling relate to calcium homeostasis?
• A large irregularly shaped process that is located only on the femur is called what?
• Which description best defines a transverse fracture?
• Which two bones form the lower leg?
• Which bone cell type secretes the unmineralized matrix rich in collagen and calcium-binding proteins?
• What are the two types of ossification?
• Which sequence correctly lists the stages of bone fracture healing in order?
• Which bone type includes vertebrae and hip bones?
• Which type of ossification forms most of the skeleton by replacing hyaline cartilage?
• Mature bone cells that reside in lacunae; monitor and maintain the bone matrix and function as stress sensors to coordinate remodeling.
• Red marrow is more active in which bones of children?
• Which features are found in an osteon?
• Fibrocartilage is especially strong due to what feature?
• Which is part of the axial skeleton?
• Which is a function of bone tissue?
• Which term denotes a round or oval opening through a bone?
• What are the hair-like channels that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal?
• Which bones are longer than they are wide and are typically found in the limbs?
• Which cells are mature bone cells embedded in bone matrix that help regulate remodeling?
• In endochondral ossification, what is the first major event?
• What is the hollow part of a bone that contains bone marrow called?
• What role does vitamin D play in bone health?
• What term describes a raised area on or above a condyle?
• Which bone marrow type is found in cancellous bone and serves as the site of hematopoiesis?
• Which term describes a large rounded projection for muscle attachment?
• Which statement differentiates intramembranous from endochondral ossification?
• Which tissue lines the medullary cavity and inner bone surfaces?
• Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton are collectively known as what?
• Which statement best describes a diarthrotic joint?
• Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification and not endochondral?
• Which term describes a prominent ridge or crest on bone?
• After endochondral ossification is complete, hyaline cartilage remains only in which locations?
• Which term refers to a small rounded projection or process on a bone?
• What is the name of a cavity within a bone that is filled with air and lined with a mucus membrane?
• Spongy bone is located inside compact bone at the widened ends of long bones and has spaces in its matrix that give it a sponge-like appearance. What is this type of bone called?
• Which term describes an armlike branch of bone?
• Which structure forms around the bone during intramembranous ossification?
• Which bone marking is a round opening through which nerves and blood vessels pass?
• Which part of a long bone contains the articular cartilage and the spongy bone interior?
• In a long bone, the medullary cavity in the diaphysis is primarily occupied by which substance in adults?
• Which term describes a furrow?
• During bone remodeling, which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing bone resorption when calcium is low?
• Intervertebral discs provide what function?
• According to Wolff's Law, trabeculae form along which lines?
• Which portion of the skeletal system consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column?
• What type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones in joints?
• What term completes the statement: 'All skeletal ____________ contains chondrocytes in lacunae and extracellular matrix'?
• Which of the following best describes the appendicular skeleton?
• Trochanter is a large irregularly shaped process located only on which bone?
• Where do ossification centers appear during intramembranous ossification?
• Which molecule is expressed by osteoblasts to activate osteoclasts, facilitating bone resorption?
• Wolff's law states what?
• Which fracture type occurs when the bone ends are driven into one another, often after a fall?
• Which of the following best describes the axial skeleton?
• Endochondral ossification forms most bones inferior to the base of the skull except ______.
• Which components include cells and osteoid, made of ground substance and collagen, contribute to structure, provide tensile strength and flexibility, and dissipate energy on impact?
• Which is part of the appendicular skeleton?
• Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity, reducing bone resorption and lowering blood calcium. Which statement correctly describes its action on bone?
• Interstitial growth requires presence of what to maintain constant thickness of the epiphyseal plate?
• What gives cartilage its resiliency?
• Hydroxyapatite minerals provide hardness and resistance to which type of stress?
• Which term describes a bony expansion on the end of a bone carried on a narrow neck?
• What is the purpose of skull sutures?
• Anatomical feature of an infant's skull, the soft spot where membranes cover the space between bones.
• Which stage of fracture healing involves remodeling woven bone into mature lamellar bone?
• Which parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism and increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts?
• Where are osteocytes located in mature bone?
• What bones comprise the rib cage?
• What is the function of the hyoid bone?
• What is the function of bursae in joints?
• What is the role of articular cartilage?
• Which tissue covers the articular surfaces of bones in joints?
• What are common clinical signs of a bone fracture?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the upper limb?
• Which scapular feature forms the shoulder joint with the head of the humerus?
• Which statement best describes the functions of the cranium and facial bones?
• Which statement correctly describes true, false, and floating ribs?
• Which term describes a rounded articular projection?
• How do bones remodel in response to mechanical load?
• Growth plates (epiphyseal plates) are involved in which process?
• What are the small cavities that house osteocytes called?
• Trabeculae in spongy bone are characterized by having no osteons. Which component is absent in trabeculae?
• Which disease is characterized by excessive and haphazard bone remodeling, producing unusually weak bone and a high incidence in the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull and usually diagnosed after age 40?
• Giant, multinucleate cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells that resorb bone.
• Types of bone cells (also called osteoprogenitor cells); mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum; capable of differentiating into other bone cells.
• The cube-shaped bones described as varying in size and number among individuals are typically called
• Which statement about primary curvatures of the spine is true?
• In short, irregular, and flat bones, what is the inner layer of spongy bone called?
• Which structure is the central channel through an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves?
• Which structure attaches bone to periosteum to anchor it during growth and repair?
• How do bones respond to mechanical stress?
• Which thyroid hormone lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoblasts to build bone?
• When the epiphyseal plate becomes a line, what happens to the epiphyseal plate?
• The remnant of the childhood bone growth zone at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis is called the
• What is the growth plate called, and when does it typically close?
• Which term describes a basinlike depression on a bone that often forms part of a joint surface?
• How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate bone resorption?
• In intramembranous ossification, red marrow appears in which location?
• What are the hollow tubes of bone matrix whose collagen fibers are arranged in alternating directions in adjacent rings?
• According to Wolff's Law, handedness results in thicker and stronger bone of which limb?
• Name the bones of the upper limb in order from proximal to distal.
• What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture?
• What makes up about 90% of bone protein?
• According to Wolff's Law, large bony projections occur where?
• Which cell resorbs bone by secreting acids and proteolytic enzymes?
• What is spongy bone and where is it located?
• Which sequence correctly describes intramembranous ossification?
• What term means any bony prominence?
• Compared with steel, bone is approximately half as strong in resisting compression but as strong as steel in resisting tension. Which statement best captures this property?
• Bones are considered organs because they contain which combination of tissues?
• Which term refers to projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment?
• Which two bones form the forearm?
• Which statement correctly describes canaliculi?
• Which term means a small rounded projection or process?
• Which term describes a large rounded projection on bone that may be roughened?
• Relatively deep pit; basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface.